It is the responsibility of China as a major power to provide public goods in building the Belt and Road Initiative. Under the unchanged condition that China remains as a big developing country in the primary stage of socialism, China‘s provision of public goods for countries involved in the Belt and Road Initiative should adopt the dialectical thinking of “doing our best according to our ability”. Based on the clarity of property right, the paper analyzes and classifies “pure public goods” and “shared goods”, and further distinguishes the scope of interests and the limits of responsibility in the provision of public goods, with the aim to provide theoretical insights and practical suggestions for the hierarchical management and multi-dimensional operation of public goods in the Belt and Road Initiative. Theoretically, the provision of public goods with clear property rights, responsibilities and obligations is conducive to narrowing the cognitive gap between supply and demand. Practically, distinguishing shared goods from pure public goods is helpful to enhance the construction of institutions characterized by “extensive consultation, joint construction and benefits sharing”, to improve the multiintegration model of China’s foreign aid, and to deepen its internationalization. It is suggested that while providing pure public goods, China is supposed to develop more multi-structural public products with clear property rights.