Abstract： In the ancient East Asia, the Tributary system is not the only regional system, and there is
an independent Mandalic system in Southeast Asia. The concept of world order of the Mandalic system is
influenced by Hinduism-Buddhist culture and the political philosophy of India. The Mandalic system can be
divided into three layers, the core circle, control circle and tributary circle. There are different
patterns of interaction in different circles, and the war mainly occurs between different cores of
Mandalic system and between the core and tributary circle. Three typical characteristics of the Mandalic
system are: the particularity, variability and diversity of the core, the prevalence of double or
multiple tributary relations and the mobility of circles within the system. The Mandalic system is
neither subject to, nor a part of the Tributary system. However, for the fact that the two systems have
employed a common form to pay tribute, China is regarded as a Mandala core, and the regional order
concepts of the two systems complement each other. The two systems, to a certain extent, coexist
harmoniously.
吕振纲. 曼陀罗体系：古代东南亚的地区秩序研究[J]. 太平洋学报, 2017, 25(8): 27-39.
Lv Zhengang. Mandalic System: Study on the Regional Order of Ancient Southeast Asia. 太平洋学报, 2017, 25(8): 27-39.
