Abstract Minilateralism prevails when the multilateral process fails to address the challenges and conflicts among major powers. Major countries, including the United States, have exploited minilateralism to gain an advantage over their rivals. In the field of international economy, minilateralism allows a few countries and regions to dominate certain sectors. These countries and regions can then influence the layout of global supply chain and the rules that affect the rest of the world. Minilateralism can be either open or closed. The typical closed minilateralism is evident in many recent U.S.led alliances. These alliances aim to counter and contain China recognized as the main target of the U.S. strategy. They operate on a different track from the principles of nondiscrimination and globalization, and they undermine the multilateral institutions in which cooperation and dialogues are constructed. On the other hand, China still adheres to open minilateralism and true multilateralism, which are more inclusive and respectful of the interests and concerns of all parties. However, China also needs to learn how to use its economic and political power more effectively and responsibly.
